From: Junio C Hamano Date: Mon, 02 Nov 2026 21:49:00 GMT Subject: Re: [PATCH v2 0/5] root refs vs pseudorefs Message-ID: In-Reply-To: <840bc117-75e9-4d63-882e-3831156871a3@app.fastmail.com> "Julia Evans" writes: ... 200 lines of quoted material omitted ... >> ++[[pseudorefs]] >> ++pseudorefs:: >> ++ linkgit:git-fetch[1] and linkgit:git-merge[1] create the >> so-called >> ++ pseudorefs `FETCH_HEAD` and `MERGE_HEAD`. They are not >> references as >> ++ such, as they are not stored in the same way, but they can >> nevertheless > > When I look at my .git directory during a merge conflict, I see these > files: > > $ ls .git | grep HEAD > FETCH_HEAD > HEAD > MERGE_HEAD > ORIG_HEAD > > From the above, it sounds like ORIG_HEAD is a "root ref" and > MERGE_HEAD is a "pseudoref", but naively it does look like > they're stored in the same way. What's the difference? A pseudoref cannot be treated as a true ref because it can describe multiple objects. If you force it to be interpreted as an object, you will still get one of the objects, but that is not the primary way it is designed to be used. FETCH_HEAD even describes the nature of each object, e.g., a018953...4 branch 'maint' of gitolite.kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git 8d1b215...8 not-for-merge branch 'master' of gitolite.kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git 882cbad...5 not-for-merge branch 'next' of gitolite.kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git 4231a2f...4 not-for-merge branch 'jch' of gitolite.kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git 2fa90fe...8 not-for-merge branch 'seen' of gitolite.kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git The other kind, just like a normal ref, describes one and only one object. The only special trait it has is that it is outside the refs/ hierarchy, so it may be a slight misnomer to call them "root" refs. We do accept $GIT_DIR/ORIG_HEAD as if it were a real ref, but if we did: $ mkdir -p .git/foo/bar $ git rev-parse HEAD~24 >.git/foo/bar/baz $ git show -s foo/bar/baz we would end up treating "foo/bar/baz" as if it were a real ref, too, with exactly the same mechanism used to treat ORIG_HEAD. The only difference between .git/ORIG_HEAD and .git/foo/bar/baz in the above example is that we _do_ create "root" refs ourselves, while we do not create such funky things like foo/bar/baz (hence they do not deserve a name, and such "use" may suddenly break without notice). By the way, *please* trim your quote. Having to scroll past 200 lines of material that are totally irrelevant to understanding your comment is a real pain. Thanks.