{"thread":{"id":"63606","subject":"Question: is there a short way to merge the last commit to the second last one?","startedAt":"2025-06-08T18:31:36Z","lastAt":"2025-06-09T10:35:17Z","messageCount":10,"participants":["Aditya Garg","brian m. carlson","Phillip Wood","Junio C Hamano"],"isPatch":false,"patchVersion":null,"patchTotal":null},"messages":[{"id":"519939","messageId":"PN3PR01MB959708ED22FE7FE70C17C852B868A@PN3PR01MB9597.INDPRD01.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM","threadId":"63606","inReplyTo":null,"subject":"Question: is there a short way to merge the last commit to the second last one?","fromName":"Aditya Garg","fromEmail":"gargaditya08@live.com","sentAt":"2025-06-08T18:30:30Z","receivedAt":"2025-06-08T18:31:36Z","isPatch":false,"sender":{"key":"gargaditya08@live.com","avatar":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/85610623?v=4"},"body":"Hi all\n\nThis is something I usually come across. Sometimes I make a mistake in a commit, and then I create a new commit with a correction. After that I git rebase -i and use the fixup option to make the fixup commit a part of the main commit.\n\nI was wondering if there is a command, like git fixup or something that could make this process easier? I know about git squash but I prefer doing fixup.\n\nSorry If I didn't notice any docs.\n\nThanks\nAditya\n"},{"id":"519940","messageId":"aEXdKMjAbry1aTXe@tapette.crustytoothpaste.net","threadId":"63606","inReplyTo":"PN3PR01MB959708ED22FE7FE70C17C852B868A@PN3PR01MB9597.INDPRD01.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM","subject":"Re: Question: is there a short way to merge the last commit to the second last one?","fromName":"brian m. carlson","fromEmail":"sandals@crustytoothpaste.net","sentAt":"2025-06-08T18:57:44Z","receivedAt":"2025-06-08T18:57:52Z","isPatch":false,"sender":{"key":"sandals@crustytoothpaste.net","avatar":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/497054?v=4"},"body":"On 2025-06-08 at 18:30:30, Aditya Garg wrote:\n> Hi all\n\nHi,\n\n> This is something I usually come across. Sometimes I make a mistake in\n> a commit, and then I create a new commit with a correction. After that\n> I git rebase -i and use the fixup option to make the fixup commit a\n> part of the main commit.\n> \n> I was wondering if there is a command, like git fixup or something\n> that could make this process easier? I know about git squash but I\n> prefer doing fixup.\n\nYou are hardly the only person to have this problem. It happens to me\nand lots of other people very frequently and so we do have a couple ways\nto fix that.\n\nIf the mistake you want to fix is in the most recent commit, instead of\nmaking a new commit, you can do `git commit --amend`. That updates the\nlast commit with the changes you've staged via `git add` and `git rm`.\nIt also allows you to edit the message; if you don't want that, you can\npass the `--no-edit` option.\n\nThe other situation is that the mistake is in an older commit. Here, we\nhave a special variant of `git commit` that will mark the commit to be\nautomatically fixed up. You could say something like `git commit\n--fixup HEAD^` (or whatever revision you like instead of `HEAD^`). Then,\nwhen you do `git rebase -i --autosquash`, it will automatically be moved\nto the proper location and marked for fixup.\n\nIf you want to change the commit message as well, you can replace\n`--fixup` with `--squash` and you'll get prompted for something you can\nput in the commit message. When you squash it, then you'll be prompted\nto merge the two commit messages (the old and new).\n\nIf your goal is to just do the fixups and squash and not anything else\ninteractive, then you can do this:\n\n GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR=true git rebase -i --autosquash\n\nin a POSIX shell (that is, on macOS or Linux or under Git Bash, but not\nunder Powershell or CMD).\n\nThe `GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR=true` tells Git not to edit the sequence list\n(also known as the todo list, which contains the pick, fixup, and squash\ncommands) and just perform the rebase. You can see an alias for doing\nthis at [0], which may be helpful as well.\n\n[0] https://github.com/bk2204/dotfiles/blob/5e74a513ae133ec30b20992fb4c2f967fa6f047b/git/gitconfig#L41\n-- \nbrian m. carlson (they/them)\nToronto, Ontario, CA\n"},{"id":"519941","messageId":"PN3PR01MB95970605EE2877BC40096188B868A@PN3PR01MB9597.INDPRD01.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM","threadId":"63606","inReplyTo":"aEXdKMjAbry1aTXe@tapette.crustytoothpaste.net","subject":"Re: Question: is there a short way to merge the last commit to the second last one?","fromName":"Aditya Garg","fromEmail":"gargaditya08@live.com","sentAt":"2025-06-08T19:09:04Z","receivedAt":"2025-06-08T19:09:12Z","isPatch":false,"sender":{"key":"gargaditya08@live.com","avatar":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/85610623?v=4"},"body":"\n\nOn 9 June 2025 12:27:44 am IST, \"brian m. carlson\" wrote:\n>On 2025-06-08 at 18:30:30, Aditya Garg wrote:\n>> Hi all\n>\n>Hi,\n>\n>> This is something I usually come across. Sometimes I make a mistake in\n>> a commit, and then I create a new commit with a correction. After that\n>> I git rebase -i and use the fixup option to make the fixup commit a\n>> part of the main commit.\n>> \n>> I was wondering if there is a command, like git fixup or something\n>> that could make this process easier? I know about git squash but I\n>> prefer doing fixup.\n>\n>You are hardly the only person to have this problem. It happens to me\n>and lots of other people very frequently and so we do have a couple ways\n>to fix that.\n>\n>If the mistake you want to fix is in the most recent commit, instead of\n>making a new commit, you can do `git commit --amend`. That updates the\n>last commit with the changes you've staged via `git add` and `git rm`.\n>It also allows you to edit the message; if you don't want that, you can\n>pass the `--no-edit` option.\n>\n\nThis is what was searching for!\n\n>The other situation is that the mistake is in an older commit. Here, we\n>have a special variant of `git commit` that will mark the commit to be\n>automatically fixed up. You could say something like `git commit\n>--fixup HEAD^` (or whatever revision you like instead of `HEAD^`). Then,\n>when you do `git rebase -i --autosquash`, it will automatically be moved\n>to the proper location and marked for fixup.\n>\n>If you want to change the commit message as well, you can replace\n>`--fixup` with `--squash` and you'll get prompted for something you can\n>put in the commit message. When you squash it, then you'll be prompted\n>to merge the two commit messages (the old and new).\n>\n>If your goal is to just do the fixups and squash and not anything else\n>interactive, then you can do this:\n>\n> GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR=true git rebase -i --autosquash\n>\n>in a POSIX shell (that is, on macOS or Linux or under Git Bash, but not\n>under Powershell or CMD).\n>\n>The `GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR=true` tells Git not to edit the sequence list\n>(also known as the todo list, which contains the pick, fixup, and squash\n>commands) and just perform the rebase. You can see an alias for doing\n>this at [0], which may be helpful as well.\n>\n>[0] https://github.com/bk2204/dotfiles/blob/5e74a513ae133ec30b20992fb4c2f967fa6f047b/git/gitconfig#L41\n\nThanks a lot brian, your reply was perfect!\n"},{"id":"519942","messageId":"993914f7-5023-459c-b1e8-ebec2646e243@gmail.com","threadId":"63606","inReplyTo":"aEXdKMjAbry1aTXe@tapette.crustytoothpaste.net","subject":"Re: Question: is there a short way to merge the last commit to the second last one?","fromName":"Phillip Wood","fromEmail":"phillip.wood123@gmail.com","sentAt":"2025-06-08T19:31:19Z","receivedAt":"2025-06-08T19:31:29Z","isPatch":false,"sender":{"key":"phillip.wood@dunelm.org.uk","avatar":null},"body":"On 08/06/2025 19:57, brian m. carlson wrote:\n> \n> If your goal is to just do the fixups and squash and not anything else\n> interactive, then you can do this:\n> \n> GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR=true git rebase -i --autosquash\n\nJust a quick note to say that since git v2.44.0 you can just run\n\n\tgit rebase --autosquash\n\nand it will squash any fixup commits without asking you to edit the todo \nlist.\n\nAlso \"git commit --fixup=amend:HEAD^\" allows you to edit the original \ncommit message and this new message will be used when the commit is \nsquashed by \"git rebase --autosquash\"\n\nBest Wishes\n\nPhillip\n\n"},{"id":"519943","messageId":"PN3PR01MB9597D380178A875C6FFA90E0B868A@PN3PR01MB9597.INDPRD01.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM","threadId":"63606","inReplyTo":"993914f7-5023-459c-b1e8-ebec2646e243@gmail.com","subject":"Re: Question: is there a short way to merge the last commit to the second last one?","fromName":"Aditya Garg","fromEmail":"gargaditya08@live.com","sentAt":"2025-06-08T19:35:24Z","receivedAt":"2025-06-08T19:35:33Z","isPatch":false,"sender":{"key":"gargaditya08@live.com","avatar":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/85610623?v=4"},"body":"\n\nOn 9 June 2025 1:01:19 am IST, Phillip Wood wrote:\n>On 08/06/2025 19:57, brian m. carlson wrote:\n>> \n>> If your goal is to just do the fixups and squash and not anything else\n>> interactive, then you can do this:\n>> \n>> GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR=true git rebase -i --autosquash\n>\n>Just a quick note to say that since git v2.44.0 you can just run\n>\n>\tgit rebase --autosquash\n>\n\nSilly question but how does it get to know what is the fixup commit?\n\n>and it will squash any fixup commits without asking you to edit the todo list.\n>\n>Also \"git commit --fixup=amend:HEAD^\" allows you to edit the original commit message and this new message will be used when the commit is squashed by \"git rebase --autosquash\"\n>\n>Best Wishes\n>\n>Phillip\n>\n"},{"id":"519945","messageId":"xmqq5xh6vtpp.fsf@gitster.g","threadId":"63606","inReplyTo":"PN3PR01MB959708ED22FE7FE70C17C852B868A@PN3PR01MB9597.INDPRD01.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM","subject":"Re: Question: is there a short way to merge the last commit to the second last one?","fromName":"Junio C Hamano","fromEmail":"gitster@pobox.com","sentAt":"2025-06-08T20:55:46Z","receivedAt":"2025-06-08T20:55:49Z","isPatch":false,"sender":{"key":"gitster@pobox.com","avatar":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/54884?v=4"},"body":"Aditya Garg writes:\n\n> Hi all\n>\n> This is something I usually come across. Sometimes I make a\n> mistake in a commit, and then I create a new commit with a\n> correction. After that I git rebase -i and use the fixup option to\n> make the fixup commit a part of the main commit.\n>\n> I was wondering if there is a command, like git fixup or something\n> that could make this process easier? I know about git squash but I\n> prefer doing fixup.\n\nIf your \"After that\" is \"immediately after that before piling any\nmore commits on top of the history\", then the standard answer would\nbe \"rebase --autosquash\", i.e.\n\n ... work work work\n $ git commit [options and arguments]\n ... oops that needs further change\n ... work more\n $ git commit -m 'fixup' [options and arguments]\n $ git rebase --autosquash HEAD~2\n\nBut if it is truly immediately after that\", then\n\n ... work work work\n $ git commit [options and arguments]\n ... oops that needs further change\n ... work more\n $ git commit --amend [options and arguments]\n\nwould be even simpler.\n\n\n"},{"id":"519946","messageId":"aEYD5X940Li_H7KU@tapette.crustytoothpaste.net","threadId":"63606","inReplyTo":"PN3PR01MB9597D380178A875C6FFA90E0B868A@PN3PR01MB9597.INDPRD01.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM","subject":"Re: Question: is there a short way to merge the last commit to the second last one?","fromName":"brian m. carlson","fromEmail":"sandals@crustytoothpaste.net","sentAt":"2025-06-08T21:43:01Z","receivedAt":"2025-06-08T21:43:03Z","isPatch":false,"sender":{"key":"sandals@crustytoothpaste.net","avatar":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/497054?v=4"},"body":"On 2025-06-08 at 19:35:24, Aditya Garg wrote:\n> \n> \n> On 9 June 2025 1:01:19 am IST, Phillip Wood wrote:\n> >On 08/06/2025 19:57, brian m. carlson wrote:\n> >> \n> >> If your goal is to just do the fixups and squash and not anything else\n> >> interactive, then you can do this:\n> >> \n> >> GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR=true git rebase -i --autosquash\n> >\n> >Just a quick note to say that since git v2.44.0 you can just run\n> >\n> >\tgit rebase --autosquash\n> >\n> \n> Silly question but how does it get to know what is the fixup commit?\n\nThat's actually a great question. When you do `git commit --squash\nREVISION`, it takes the summary of the commit specified by `REVISION`\nand precedes it with `squash! `, and for `--fixup`, it does `fixup! `.\n\nThen, it's just a matter of re-ordering the squash or fixup commits in\norder after the commit with the corresponding summary.\n\nSo with this shell script:\n\n----\n#!/bin/sh\n\ngit init --object-format=sha256 test-repo\ncd test-repo\n\necho abc >file.txt\ngit add file.txt\ngit commit -m 'Initial commit'\n\necho def >file.txt\ngit add file.txt\ngit commit --fixup HEAD\ngit show\n----\n\nYou get something like this:\n\n----\nInitialized empty Git repository in /tmp/user/1000/test-repo/.git/\n[dev (root-commit) 7327102] Initial commit\n 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)\n create mode 100644 file.txt\n[dev 8bdd271] fixup! Initial commit\n 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)\ncommit 8bdd271b6d4e22b7ca697c2d4499fd3e0825977d7d2c917b92e1f1f12383f52c\nAuthor: brian m. carlson \nDate: Sun Jun 8 21:41:43 2025 +0000\n\n fixup! Initial commit\n\ndiff --git a/file.txt b/file.txt\nindex e0ef420..559afde 100644\n--- a/file.txt\n+++ b/file.txt\n@@ -1 +1 @@\n-abc\n+def\n----\n\nOf course, `--autosquash` does require using `--fixup` and `--squash` or\notherwise naming the commits that way.\n-- \nbrian m. carlson (they/them)\nToronto, Ontario, CA\n"},{"id":"519949","messageId":"PN3PR01MB9597CBB77CE3EAF054A67223B86BA@PN3PR01MB9597.INDPRD01.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM","threadId":"63606","inReplyTo":"aEYD5X940Li_H7KU@tapette.crustytoothpaste.net","subject":"Re: Question: is there a short way to merge the last commit to the second last one?","fromName":"Aditya Garg","fromEmail":"gargaditya08@live.com","sentAt":"2025-06-09T04:29:27Z","receivedAt":"2025-06-09T04:29:35Z","isPatch":false,"sender":{"key":"gargaditya08@live.com","avatar":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/85610623?v=4"},"body":"\n\nOn 9 June 2025 3:13:01 am IST, \"brian m. carlson\" wrote:\n>On 2025-06-08 at 19:35:24, Aditya Garg wrote:\n>> \n>> \n>> On 9 June 2025 1:01:19 am IST, Phillip Wood wrote:\n>> >On 08/06/2025 19:57, brian m. carlson wrote:\n>> >> \n>> >> If your goal is to just do the fixups and squash and not anything else\n>> >> interactive, then you can do this:\n>> >> \n>> >> GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR=true git rebase -i --autosquash\n>> >\n>> >Just a quick note to say that since git v2.44.0 you can just run\n>> >\n>> >\tgit rebase --autosquash\n>> >\n>> \n>> Silly question but how does it get to know what is the fixup commit?\n>\n>That's actually a great question. When you do `git commit --squash\n>REVISION`, it takes the summary of the commit specified by `REVISION`\n>and precedes it with `squash! `, and for `--fixup`, it does `fixup! `.\n>\n>Then, it's just a matter of re-ordering the squash or fixup commits in\n>order after the commit with the corresponding summary.\n>\n>So with this shell script:\n>\n>----\n>#!/bin/sh\n>\n>git init --object-format=sha256 test-repo\n>cd test-repo\n>\n>echo abc >file.txt\n>git add file.txt\n>git commit -m 'Initial commit'\n>\n>echo def >file.txt\n>git add file.txt\n>git commit --fixup HEAD\n>git show\n>----\n>\n>You get something like this:\n>\n>----\n>Initialized empty Git repository in /tmp/user/1000/test-repo/.git/\n>[dev (root-commit) 7327102] Initial commit\n> 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)\n> create mode 100644 file.txt\n>[dev 8bdd271] fixup! Initial commit\n> 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)\n>commit 8bdd271b6d4e22b7ca697c2d4499fd3e0825977d7d2c917b92e1f1f12383f52c\n>Author: brian m. carlson \n>Date: Sun Jun 8 21:41:43 2025 +0000\n>\n> fixup! Initial commit\n>\n>diff --git a/file.txt b/file.txt\n>index e0ef420..559afde 100644\n>--- a/file.txt\n>+++ b/file.txt\n>@@ -1 +1 @@\n>-abc\n>+def\n>----\n>\n>Of course, `--autosquash` does require using `--fixup` and `--squash` or\n>otherwise naming the commits that way.\n\nNow it's clear. Thanks a lot brian and Junio!\n"},{"id":"519968","messageId":"bf6b2d49-d2c6-4197-99ae-06401093c8b8@gmail.com","threadId":"63606","inReplyTo":"993914f7-5023-459c-b1e8-ebec2646e243@gmail.com","subject":"Re: Question: is there a short way to merge the last commit to the second last one?","fromName":"Phillip Wood","fromEmail":"phillip.wood123@gmail.com","sentAt":"2025-06-09T10:06:03Z","receivedAt":"2025-06-09T10:04:54Z","isPatch":false,"sender":{"key":"phillip.wood@dunelm.org.uk","avatar":null},"body":"On 08/06/2025 20:31, Phillip Wood wrote:\n> On 08/06/2025 19:57, brian m. carlson wrote:\n>>\n>> If your goal is to just do the fixups and squash and not anything else\n>> interactive, then you can do this:\n>>\n>>      GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR=true git rebase -i --autosquash\n> \n> Just a quick note to say that since git v2.44.0 you can just run\n> \n>     git rebase --autosquash\n\nThat will also rebase your branch if you don't specify a commit. When \nyou're re-rolling a patch series it is normally preferred to keep the \nsame base commit. You can do that by adding \"--keep-base\" to avoid \nrebasing onto the updated upstream branch.\n\nBest Wishes\n\nPhillip\n\n"},{"id":"519969","messageId":"PN3PR01MB9597E099CDCBEACF395866DFB86BA@PN3PR01MB9597.INDPRD01.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM","threadId":"63606","inReplyTo":"bf6b2d49-d2c6-4197-99ae-06401093c8b8@gmail.com","subject":"Re: Question: is there a short way to merge the last commit to the second last one?","fromName":"Aditya Garg","fromEmail":"gargaditya08@live.com","sentAt":"2025-06-09T10:35:13Z","receivedAt":"2025-06-09T10:35:17Z","isPatch":false,"sender":{"key":"gargaditya08@live.com","avatar":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/85610623?v=4"},"body":"\n\n> On 9 Jun 2025, at 3:34 PM, Phillip Wood wrote:\n> \n> On 08/06/2025 20:31, Phillip Wood wrote:\n>>> On 08/06/2025 19:57, brian m. carlson wrote:\n>>> \n>>> If your goal is to just do the fixups and squash and not anything else\n>>> interactive, then you can do this:\n>>> \n>>> GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR=true git rebase -i --autosquash\n>> Just a quick note to say that since git v2.44.0 you can just run\n>> git rebase --autosquash\n> \n> That will also rebase your branch if you don't specify a commit. When you're re-rolling a patch series it is normally preferred to keep the same base commit. You can do that by adding \"--keep-base\" to avoid rebasing onto the updated upstream branch.\n\nI'll try that. Thanks.\n"}]}